lunes, 15 de abril de 2013



Verbos modales ~ English Modal Verbs





 Modals verbs are a category of auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs are also called modal auxiliaries or simply manners. There are ten English modal verbs:


The manner mode expressed a verb: the ability, the opportunity, the need or an other condition of the main verb.
These verbs with main verbs are used to form statements and questions. Conjugates have no manners and no time and can not be used without the main verb.
In English, the main verb is always in the infinitive without to, except the modal ought.
In a statement, the word order is subject + modal + main verb.






Can     -    Could 





subject modal  main verb 


They    can    come.
Ellos  pueden  venir



In questions, the word order is subject + modal + main verb.



  
preguntas de sí o no (yes-no questions)
 subject    modal    main verb 


 Can they come?
¿Pueden venir?


information questions (wh-questions)
wh- wordmodalsujetoverbo principal
When
¿Cuándo
can
pueden
theycome?
venir?
How
¿Cómo
could
podría
heknow?
saber?


Can

The modal can, as the Spanish verb power, indicates a possibility or capability.
Tom can help you.
Tom puede ayudarte.

Wild animals can be dangerous.
Los animales salvajes pueden ser peligrosos.

Eating out can be costly.
Comer fuera puede ser costoso.
In questions can be used to request permission to do something or to ask about a possibility.
Can I help you?
¿Puedo ayudarle?

Can Mike have dinner with us?
¿Mike puede cenar con nosotros?

Who can answer the next question?
¿Quién puede contestar a la próxima pregunta?

When can we get back the results?
¿Cuándo podemos tener los resultados?



Could


The modal Could indicates possibility or ability in the past.
could have told you that.
Podría haberte dicho eso.

It could have been a disaster.
Podría haber sido un desastre.

When I was young, I could run very fast.
Cuando era jóven, podía correr muy rápidamente.
Could be used to speculate on future possibilities. In're examples, Could and Might are synonymous.
It could / might rain tonight.
Puede llover esta noche.

This could / might be dangerous.
Eso puede / podría ser peligroso.
In the questions yes or no, Could speculates on some possibilities in the present or the future.
Could she be the murderer?


¿Puede / Podría ser ella el asesina?




Could this be a mistake?

¿Podría ser esto un error?
Could indicates an option.
We could go see a movie.

Podemos / Podríamos ver una película.

could become a doctor.
Puedo / Podría hacerme médico.
In yes-no questions, makes a request Could courteous. In're examples, Could and Can are synonymous.
Could / Can you open your window?
¿Puede usted abrir su ventana?

 Could / Can you help me move this sofa?
¿Puedes ayudarme a mover este sofá?

Could be used to form the conditional that contains two sentences: one with "if" (if) and the other with the result. Could prayer is on the result.
In these statements, Could expresses a hypothetical situation:
If I had time, I could play tennis with you.
Si tuviera tiempo, podría jugar tennis contigo.

We could study together, if you want to.
Podemos estudiar juntos, si quieres.

If it weren't raining, we could go on a picnic.
Si no estuviera lloviendo, podríamos ir de picnic.
Could be used to speculate on a possibility do not get done because a condition do not get fulfilled.
If we had left sooner, we could have taken the train.
Si hubiéramos salido más pronto, podríamos haber tomado el tren.

could have passed the exam, if I had studied more.
Podría haber pasado el examen si hubiera estudiado más.
I'm glad we took umbrellas.

We could have gotten soaked.
Estoy feliz que hayamos llevado paraguas. Podríamos habernos empapado.




May      -    Might








May and Might Manners are sinónomos and indicate an action that can happen in the future.
may / might go to the park, or I may / might stay home.
Puede que vaya al parque, o quizá me queda en casa.

This may / might be a bad idea.
Tal vez es una mala idea.

It may / might rain tonight.
Quizás llueva esta noche.
May can be replaced with can to give instructions or permission.
You may / can now board the airplane.
Ahora, pueden embarcarse en el avión.

You may / can begin the exam in ten minutes.
Pueden empezar el examen en diez minutos.
It can be replaced in May with yes or no questions. The word May is more polite.
May / Can I see your driver's license?
¿Puedo ver su permiso de conducir? 

May / Can we have some more water, please?
¿Podemos tener más agua por favor?
Might be used instead of May or can. However, in American English Might use in this context is very rare.
May / Can / Might I be of some assistance?
¿Puedo asistirle?

May / Can / Might we offer you a suggestion?
¿Podemos ofrecerle una sugerencia?




Shall       -     Should 




sujetomodalverbo principal   
Mike
Mike
should
debe
walk.
caminar.

In questions, the word order is subject + modal + main verb.


preguntas de sí o no (yes-no questions)
modalsujetoverbo principal 


Should
¿Debería
Mike
Mike
drive?
manejar?


Shall

Shall modal + verb The main form and indicate future time an intention or action will happen in the future.
There is no difference between these two manners to use in claims. However, Shall is rarely used in American English.
 shall close the door for you.
Cerraré la puerta para ti.

Tom shall meet us at the train station.
Tom nos encuentrará en la estación de tren.

They  shall leave tomorrow at 8:00.
Irán mañana a las ocho.
In information questions are used to find out options Shall or data
Who  shall drive the car?
¿Quién conducirá el coche?

When  shall I see you again?
¿Cuándo veré a ti otra vez?

How  shall you get here?
¿Cómo llegarás aquí?

What time  shall we meet?
¿A qué hora vamos a encontrarnos?

In yes-no questions, Shall not synonymous.
Will be used to ask a favor.

Shall questions about preferences or recommendations. In these cases, shall and are sinónomos Should. In American English Shall use is very rare, and is only in the first person.

Should / Shall I close the door?
¿Cierro la puerta?Should / Shall he close the door?



¿Debe cerrar la puerta?
¿Sería bien si él cierra la puerta?



Should / Shall they come back later?
¿Regresarán más tarde?
¿Deben regresar más tarde?



Should / Shall Tom bring food to the party?
¿Lleva algo Tom para comer a la fiesta?Should / Shall we stay here?
¿Quedamos aquí?

Should
 

Should and ought Manners indicate why the obligation is not true. Should and ought are sinónomos.
You should  call your mother.
Debes llamar a tu mamá.



should home now.
Ya debo irme a casa.
In questions, Should used to determine whether an obligation exists. In American English ought never used in questions.
Should he call her?
¿Debe llamarle a ella?



Should we pay now?
¿Pagamos ahora?



When should we leave?
¿Cuándo debemos salir?



What should I wear?
¿En qué debo vestirme?



Will




Will


The modal + main verb will form the future tense and indicate an intention or action will happen in the future.
There is no difference between these two manners to use in claims. However, Shall is rarely used in American English.


will  close the door for you.





Cerraré la puerta para ti.








Tom will  meet us at the train station.





Tom nos encuentrará en la estación de tren.



They will  leave tomorrow at 8:00.





Irán mañana a las ocho.




In information questions, shall and will are used to find out options or data.



Who will drive the car?


¿Quién conducirá el coche?












When will  I see you again?




¿Cuándo veré a ti otra vez?




How will  you get here?





¿Cómo llegarás aquí?





What time will  we meet?



¿A qué hora vamos a encontrarnos?




In yes-no questions, shall and will are not synonymous.
Will be used to ask a favor.




Will you turn off the TV?





¿Apagarás la televisión? = Apaga la televisión.






Will you stop whining?





¿Pararás de lloriquear? = Para con las quejicas.





Will you go with me?





¿Irás conmigo? = Ven conmigo.





Will be used to inquire about a thing or a person.





Will Tom ever pay you back?





¿Tom nunca te devuelverá lo que te debe?





Will Mars be visited by humans within twenty years?





¿Marte será visitado por humanos dentro de veinte años?





Will  you be finished soon?


¿Vas a terminar pronto?



Would




The modal followed by the word would like is a polite way of indicating a preference.

I would like white wine with my fish.




Me gustaría el vino blanco con mi pescado.



We would like a room with a view.



Nos gustaría un cuarto con una vista.

In questions, would like is a polite way to ask for a decision.


Would you like soup or salad with your meal?




¿Prefiere la sopa o una ensalada con su comida?



Where would you like to eat dinner?



¿Dónde le gustaría cenar?



When would Tom like this delivered?




¿Cuándo quiere Tom que eso esté entregado?

Would can make a request more polite.

Come here!Would you come here?
¡Ven aquí!Favor de venir aquí.
Stop making that noise!Would you stop making that noise?
¡Deja de hacer este ruido!Favor de dejar de hacer este ruido.
Would is used to explain an action that results from a real or perceived status.



would go with you if I didn't have to work.




Iría contigo si no tuviera que trabajar.



If I had not had to work, I would have gone with you.



Si no hubiera tenido que trabajar, hubiera ido contigo.



She would be surprised if you came to the party.




Estaría sorprendida si viniera a la fiesta.



Tom would drive, but he doesn't have a license.



Tom manejaría pero no tiene permiso de conducir.

Would enter a habitual actions in the past.



When I was a student, I would go swimming every day.




Cuando era estudiante, iba a nadar todos los días.



When Tom lived in France, he would write me long letters.



Cuando Tom vivía en Francia, me escribía cartas detalladas.



Must




The modal must indicates obligation.



You must see this movie.




Tienen que ver esta película.



Tom must see a doctor immediately.



Tom debe ver un médico inmediatamente.

Must may indicate probabilities or suppositions.


You must be angry.




Estará enojado.



My watch must be broken.



Mi reloj debe estar quebrado.



Supongo que mi reloj no sirve.



Quizás mi reloj esté roto.



He must have done that before moving to Spain.



Debería haberlo hecho antes de mudarse a España.



Tal vez lo hiso antes de mover a España.



A la mejor lo hiso antes de mudarse a España.

In informational questions, the word must indicates an obligation and can be sinónomo with should. Should American English is much more common in this context.


When should / must we be there?



¿Cuándo debemos estar allá?



Who should / must I talk to?



¿Con quién debo hablar?

It must be used for rhetorical questions.
Must you make so much noise?=Please be quiet.
¿Debes hacer tanto ruido?Por favor, silencio.
Must he ask so many questions?=I hope he stops asking questions.
¿Debe hacer tantas preguntas?Espero que termina con sus  preguntas.



Ought to   




Should and ought Manners indicate why the obligation is not true. Should and ought are sinónomos.


You should / ought to call your mother.




Debes llamar a tu mamá.should / ought to go home now.



Ya debo irme a casa.

VÍDEOS

1- English Grammar Lesson - Modals





2- Grammar in Songs: Modal Verbs





Exercice


1.  Andy _________ know how to make a barbecue.
2.   If she studies a lot she __________ improve her pronunciation.
3.  The football practice ________ be quite hard.
4.   James _________ clean his bedroom sometime.
5. My mother ________ make a delicious food for Chrismas





Reading Modals



Janet was employed as a graphic designer at a very successful advertising company. She had worked there for two years, when she was offered a promotion to become head of the graphic solutions department. She was obviously very happy when she heard of her promotion. However, she was also rather concerned as she had also recently found out that she was pregnant. In the past, other women who had had children had found it difficult to continue working full time. Later that day, she asked her husband what he thought she should do. He felt that she should first accept the promotion and then, a few months later, tell her employers about her pregnancy. In this way, her husband felt, she would not jeopardize her promotion. Janet wasn't so sure this was a good suggestion, as she felt that it might be dishonest of her to not let her employers know about the change in her condition. She telephoned her best friend, who had also had the same problem previously, and asked for her advice. Cheryl, her best friend, asked her if she felt that she would be able to continue working as hard after the birth of her child as she had been working up to that point in time. Janet assured her that this was the case and so her friend told her to trust her husband's judgment.



A few months later, Janet told her employers about her pregnancy. At first, they congratulated her on her pregnancy and wished her all the best. Over the next few weeks, she felt that her workload was slowly increasing to the point that she could not handle the amount of work required of her. She scheduled an appointment with her boss, and presented her dilemma to him. He said that he felt for her, but that, because of a recent increase in sales accounts, he could do nothing about the increased workload. Disappointed, Janet went back to work and did her absolute best to keep up with the work. Unfortunately, the workload just continued to grow. Later that month, she received a call from the personnel department and was told to come speak to the personnel director. The personnel director told her that, due to her inability to keep up with the demands of her job, they were going to have to let her go. Janet couldn't believe what she was hearing. She asked him why, if a few months earlier they had promoted her for her excellence, they had now decided to let her go. It seemed ridiculous. He said that he was truly sorry, but that they had no other choice and asked her to gather her things and leave.



Reading is a lady who works at a graphic design company, she is an excellent worker but in that span of days stay pregnant, she commented to her husband in that situation, but she said she did not would count the effe dedicated staff to continue to work with the course of the day was so much pressure and lots of work that I call the chief of staff to give a warning, but she said she would follow to avoid being left with esforzandoce backlog but the more days was more work. To the extent that the chief of staff not stand the accumulation and better resign asked him, surprised she said it was not fair that she was dedicated to her work and the fact that he was in that state was not for them to have an excuse for her to give up that position at the end I touch give and go about your home.




















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